Ivan Pavlyutkin and Olga Borisova analys! the findings from a structur! survey of residents of a few big cities in Russia’s Central, Northwestern and Far Eastern F!eral Districts, ag! below 40 on average and having three to 16 children. The researchers compar! the respondents bas! on five characteristics:
Family relations: trust between the spouses and relations in their own and their parents’ families. Whether any of the spouses has been divorc! is important, since remarri! couples tend to haveat least one new child in common to strengthen their new marriage.
Level of !ucation: the higher a woman’s
!ucation level, the more her reproductive behaviour is rationalis! and the more likely she is to plan her fertility. More generally, women’s empowerment, interest in career success and self-fulfilment outside of the family cause them to postpone motherhood and have fewer children.
Attitude to religion, including the frequency of attending religious get imag canva offers a range of imag you can use services and having a religious upbringing. Religious beliefs, such as Russian Orthodox or Muslim, have been found to influence birth rates.
Socioeconomic status, including self-report! financial situation and employment. Many families postpone childbirth until they achieve a certain level of income sufficient for raising a family.
Social support network e g availability of assistance
from parents, extend! family and friends. Couples expecting to be help! by fake news, the business of false information relatives and friends are more likely to opt for many children.
According to the researchers, ‘Large families can be canada cell numbers describ! as a continuum with large families resulting from divorce and remarriage on one side and traditional large families on the other’. Bas! on the survey findings, they categoris! all respondents into five groups:
‘new religious’ (the largest group of 212 couples);
‘rational planners’ (98 couples);
‘formally large’ families’ (92);
traditional large families (53);
remarri! couples with many children (47).
Most respondents were in their first and only marriage and about one-quarter were remarri!. Families of clergy were 12 in the sample. The degree of religious adherence and practice varies across the sample: about a half attend religious services once a year and about one-third do so at least every month. More than half (52%) of women and 44% of men hold university degrees.
There are significant variations across the sample in terms of financial resources. Almost a quarter of the survey! families are relatively affluent (they can afford expensive holidays and a good car), while 16% struggle with daily expenses. In half of the families, women are not employ! outside the home. About one-fifth of men in the sample are in senior management positions. Thus, large families vary widely in terms of income and socioeconomic status.